Meat and fish
The first and best-known alternative is products made from soy. This is a type of fermented curd made from soybeans, which is available solid, soft, as silken tofu and already seasoned or smoked. Seitan, a product made from wheat gluten, often tastes more meat-like, and sausage made from it (like cold cuts) also looks similar to the original - it's worth trying! Ground seaweed gives pan-fried dishes the typical delicious taste of the sea.
Eggs
... are a good substitute for eggs in baking. For moister doughs, for example for muffins, applesauce is suitable (3 tbsp for 1 egg). Health food stores also sell egg substitute powder made from lupin flour, which is mixed with water. Guar gum, also available from health food stores, can be used as a binding agent for savory dishes. Agar-agar can be used as a gelling agent instead of gelatine.
Honey
Honey is a natural food and is preferable to industrial sugar for sweetening. Nevertheless, its animal origin bothers many people. A plant-based alternative is agave syrup, which is available in well-stocked drugstores. Apple syrup, rice syrup and sugar beet syrup are also worth a try.
Milk and co.
The market offers a whole range of substitutes for cream and milk: soy, rice and oat milk, for example. Nut milk or almond paste are ideal for refining and thickening sauces. Almond milk is nice and sweet, but at around two euros per liter, it is also more expensive than cow's milk. And a good oil or margarine with butter flavoring provides the typical butter taste when baking, frying or on bread.